Memory Ke Prakar (Types of Memory) :-
1. Prathamik Memory (Primary Memory):- Ise aantarik memory (Internal Memory) bhi kaha jata hai, kyonki yah computer ke CPU ka hi bhag hoti hai! Primary Memory me kisi samay chal rahe program ya programs tatha unke input data aur output data kuchh samay ke liye store kiya jata hai! Is memory ka aakar simit hota hai, lekin gati bahut tej hoti hai, taki jab bhi kisi data ki jarurat ho, isme se turant liya ja sake! Primary Memory ko nimn do bhago me bata ja sakta hai:-
(i) RAM (Random Access Memory) :- Yah memory ek chip ki tarah hoti hai jo metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) se bani hoti hai! RAM me upasthit sabhi suchnaye asthayi hoti hai aur jaise hi computer ki electric supply band kar di jati hai, waise hi samast suchnaye nasht ho jati hai arthat RAM ek volatile memory hai! RAM ka upyog data ko store karne tatha usme (memory me ) upasthit data ko padhne ke liye kiya jata hai! RAM nimn do prakar ke hote hai:-
(a) SRAM (Static RAM)
(b) DRAM (Daynamic RAM)
(ii) ROM (Read Only Memory) :- Is memory me upasthit data tatha nirdesh sthayi hote hai! Jis karan inhe kewal padha ja sakta hai, prantu inhe data aur nirdesho me pariwartit karna sambhaw nahi hai! ROM me upasthit sthayi programs ko Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) kaha jata hai! Data aur nirdesho ke sthayi hone ke karan computer ki electric supply band hone par bhi chip me bhari suchnaye sanrakshit rahti hai arthat ROM non-volatile memory hai!
ROM ka upyog sabhi prakar ke electronic upkarano; jaise - Calculator, Video Game, Digital Camera aadi me kiya jata hai! Rom nimn prakar ke hote hai:-
(a) PROM (Programable Read Only Memory)
(b) EPROM (Erasable Programable Read Only Memory)
(c) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programable Read Only Memory)
2. Dwitiyak Memory (Secondary Memory) :- Is prakar ki memory CPU se bahar hoti hai, isiliye ise External ya Auxiliary Memory bhi kaha jata hai! Computer ki mukhya memory bahut mahangi hone tatha bijli band kar dene par usme rakhi adhiktar suchnaye nasht ho jane ke karan na to ham use ichchhanusar badha sakte hai aur na ham usme koi suchna sthayi rup se store kar sakte hai! Isliye hame sahayak memory ka upyog karna padta hai!
Iski kimat tulnatamak drishti se bahut kam aur data store karne ki kshamta (Capacity) bahut adhik hoti hai! Isme ek hi kami hai ki in madhyamo me data ko likhne (arthat store karne) tatha padhne (arthat prapt karne) me samay adhik lagta hai! Isliye ham isme aisi suchnaye bhandarit karte hai, jinhe lambe samay tak surakshit rakhna ho tatha jinki aawashyakta lagatar nahi padti ho!
Kuchh mukhya secondary memory ka devices nimn hai:-
(i) Compact Disc, CD:- Yah ek wishesh prakar ki disc hoti hai, jin par data pray ek bar hi likha jata hai aur fir use kitni bar bhi padh sakte hai! Yah ek prakar ki Read Only Memory hi hai!
Inme pray aisi suchnaye store ki jati hai! Jo sthayi prakruti ki ho tatha jinki aawashyakta bar - bar padti ho; jaise - Telephone Directory, Hawayi Jahajo ki udano ki samay - sarni, Pustakalay ki pustako ki suchi (Catalogue), Kanooni suchnaye, Film aadi! Compact Disc ka prayog samanyataya computers ke sath hi kiya jata hai, kyonki sabhi prakar ke program aajkal CD par hi uplabdh hote hai!
(ii) Digital Video Disc, DVD :- Aajkal CD ka ek anya parishtrit rup bhi prayog me laya jata hai, jise DVD kaha jata hai! Inki storage kshamta (Capacity) 2GB (Gigabyte) ya adhik bhi ho sakti hai! Is par data likhne ya use padhne ke liye ek wishesh drive hota hai, jise DVD Drive kaha jata hai!
Ise digital versatile disc ke rup me bhi jana jata hai, yah ek optical disc storage media format hai aur ise warsh 1995 me, Sony, Panasonic aur Samsung dwara viksit kiya gya tha! Iska mukhya upyog video aur data ka storage karna hai! DVD ka aakar compact disc (CD) ke saman ho hota hai, lekin ye 6 guna adhik tak data bhandaran (Storage) karte hai!
(iii) Pen/Thumb/Flash Drive:- Flash memory data storage device se bani hoti hai, jisme ek USB (Universal Serial Bus) 1.1 ya 2.0 antra falak ekikrit hota hai! USB flash drive aamtor par hatane yogya aur rewritable hote hai, jo ek floppy disc se chhote hote hai aur adhikansh ka wajan 30 gram se kam hota hai! Aakar aur mulya ki badhotari ke sath inki bhandaran kshamta bhi badhti ja rahi hai!
USB Flash Drive ka prayog pray usi uddeshya se kiya jata hai, jis uddeshya se floppy disc ka prayog kiya jata hai! Lagbhag warsh 2005 tak, adhikansh desktop aur laptop computers ki aapurti ek floppy disc drive ke sath ki jati thi, lekin hal hi me adhikansh upkarano ne USB port ko apnate huye floppy disc drive ko tyag diya hai!
Flash Drive USB mass storage manak ka upyog karte hai, jo aadhunik operating system dwara samarthit hai; jaise - Windows, Mac OSX, Linux aur Unix tatha anya system! USB 2.0 samarthit wale USB drive adhik data sangrah kar sakte hai aur apekshakrit ek bahut bade optical disk drive se adhik teji se data sthanantrit kar sakte hai aur inhe adhikansh anya systems dwara padha ja sakta hai!
(iv) Floppy Disk:- Yah disk mayilar ki bai huyi ek writtakar disk hoti hai, jiske dono aur ek magnetic padarth ka lap chadha hota hai!
Yah ek plastic ke chokor cover me sanrakshit rahti hai, jiske bhitar floppy ki supply karne wali mulayam lines hoti ha! Floppy disk ko diskette floppy ya kewal disk ke name se bhi jana jata hai, yah tin aakaro me uplabdh hoti hai:-
• 5¼ inch
• 8 inch
• 3½ inch
Floppy disk par koi suchna likhne ya use padhne ke liye ek wishesh upkaran ki aawashyakta hoti hai, jise Floppy Disk Drive ya FDD kaha jata hai!
(v) Magnetic Tape :- Ye purani files ka backup lene ke liye bahut surakshit aur saste sadhan mane jate hai! Magnetic Tape prarambh se hi computers me prayog kiye jate rahe hai aur abhi bhi inka upyog kiya jata hai! Magnetic Tape kafi dhima hota hai, kyonki yah ek kramik (Sequential) madhyam hai!
Iska arth yah hai ki isme data likhne ya padhne ka kam ek sire se dusre sire tak kramashah kiya jata hai! Ham isme bich se bhari huyi koi file padhni ho, to usse pahle ka sara tape dhire - dhire chhodna padta hai! Lekin in tapes ki wishwasaniyata (Reliability) bahut adhik hoti hai aur ye saikdo warsho tak bhi surakshit rah sakte hai! Isliye inka prayog aise data ko store karne me karte hai, jise lambe samay tak surakshit rakhna ho! Magnetic Tape par data padhne wa likhne ka kam ek upkaran ke madhyam se kiya jata hai jise Tape Drive kaha jata hai!
