Computer Operating System Ki Paribhasha:-Computer operating system ki pramukh paribhashayen nimnalikhit hai:-
(i) Computer operating system software programs ka ek aisa samuh hai, jo manaw, application software aur computer hardware ke bich sanwad sthapit karta hai! Operating system ek aisa program hai, jo computer ke wibhinn ango ko nirdesh deta hai ki kis prakar se processing ka kam success ho!
(ii) Operating system ek aisa software hai, jo user aur computer hardware ke bich ek madhyam (Interface) ki bhanti kam karta hai!
(iii) Samast hardware sansadhano ki kshamta ke paryapt upyog ko sunishchit karne hetu operating system ek sadhan prabandhak ki bhanti kam karta hai!
Computer Operating System Ke Types:-
Operating System lo unke kamo ke aadhar par nimnalikhit pramukh bhago me vibhajit kiya ja sakta hai:-
Batch Processing Operating System:- Is prakar ke operating system me ek jaise sabhi kamo ko ek batch ke rup me sangathit karke sath me kriyanwit kiya jata hai! Is prakar ke operating system me batch moniter software ka istemal aise kamo ke liye kiya jata hai, jinme upyogkarta ke hastkshep ki jarurat nahi hoti! Ye operating system sankhyatmak vishleshan (Numberical Analysis), Bil printing, perol aadi me istemal kiye jate hai; jaise - DOS, Unix aadi!
Single User Operating System:-Is prakar ke operating system me ek bar me kewal ek upyogkarta (user) hi kam karne ki anumati hoti hai! Yah sabse adhik istemal kiya jane wala operating system hai; jaise - MS-DOS, Windows 9X aadi!
Multi User Operating System:-Yah operating system ek samay me ek se adhik users ko kam karne ki anumati deta hai! Yah sabhi users ke madhya santulan banakar rakhta hai tatha partyek program ki sansadhan sambandhi jarurato ko pura karta hai! Ye operating system computer ke sansadhano ka sarwadhik istemal karte hai; jaise - Unix, VMS aadi!
Multi Taskingg Operating System:- Is operating system me ek samay me ek se adhik kam ko sampann karne ki kshamta hoti hai, isme user asani se do kamo ke madhya switch kar sakta hai!
Multi Tasking Operating System ko do bhago me bata gya hai:-
(i) Preemptive Multi Tasking Operating System:-Is type ke operating system ko kai computer programs tatha hardware devices share karte hai tatha unka istemal karte hai! Yah apne samast computation time ko kamo ke madhya bant deta hai tatha ek purwanirdharit mapdand (Predefined Criteria) ke aadhar par kisi naye kam ka nishpadan purwa kam ka nishpadan rokkar bhi shuru ho jata hai; Jaise-OS/2, Windows 95/NT aadi!
(ii) Co-Operating Multi Tasking Operating System:- Yah multi tasking ka ek saraltam rup hota hai! Is Operating System me ek program tab tak CPU ka istemal karta hai, jab tak use aawashyakta hoti hai! Yadi koi program CPU ka istemal nahi kar raha hai, to wah dusre program ko asthayi rup se CPU ko istemal karne ki anumati de deta hai; jaise - Mac OS, MS-Windows 3-X aadi!
Time Sharing Operating System:-Is prakar ke operating system me ek sath ek se adhik user ya program computer ke sansadhano ka istemal karte hai! Is kam me, computer apne sansadhano ke istemal hetu partyek user ya program ko samay ka ek chhota bhag aawantit karta hai jise Time Slis ya Quwantum kahte hai! Is prakar ke operating system me samay prabandhan (Time Management) ki aawashyakta hoti hai! Is operating system me memory ka sahi prabandhan aawashyak hota hai, kyonki kai programs ek sath mukhya memory me upasthit hote hai! Is wyawastha me sabhi program time slis ke aadhar par mukhya memory me bari-bari se laye jate hai tatha time slis purn hone par memory me bhej diye jate hai! Is prakriya ko Swapping kahte hai! Jaise - Mac OS
Real Time Operating System:-Yah operating system ek aisa operating system hota hai, jisme real time applications ka kriyanwayas kiya jata hai; jaise - aircrafts me istemal hone wala auto pilot mechanism! Isme ek program ke output ko dusre program ke output ki tarah istemal kiya ja sakta hai; Is karan pahle program ke kriyanwayas me deri se dusre program ka kriyanwayas aur parinam ruk sakta hai! Real time operating system me kisi bhi diye gaye kam ko pura karne ki ek deadline di gayi hoti hai tatha isi nirdharit samay me us kam ko pura karna hota hai; jaise Linux OS aadi!
Ise bhi do bhago me banta gya hai:-
(i) Hard Real Time System:-Ye system kisi mahatwapurn kam ko samay par pura karne ki grantee deta hai! Samay par kam pura na hone ki sthiti me program ka nishpadan fail ho jata hai!
(ii) Soft Real Time System:-Is system me bhi kisi kam ko pura karne ke liye ek deadline di jati hai, lekin is prakar ke system me kam ka nishpadan deadline se pahle aur bad me bhi pura ho sakta hai, lekin fir bhi kam ka nishpadan fail nahi hota!
Computer Operating System ke kam (Functions Of Computer Operating System):- Operating system computer ke safal sanchalan ki prakriya me ek mahatwapurn bhumika nibhata hai! Iske pramukh kam char prakar ke hote hai jo nimn hai:-
1. Processing Prabandhan:- Computer ke central processing unit ke prabandhan ka kam operating system hi karta hai! Yah prabandhan is prakar se hota hai ki sabhi program ek-ek karke nishpadit hote hai! Operating system sabhi programs ke samay ko central processing unit (CPU) ke liye vibhajit kar deta hai!
2. Memory Prabandhan:- Program ke safal nishpadan ke liye operating system memory prabandhan (Management) ka mahatwapurn kam karta hai, jiske antargat computer memory me kuchh sthan surakshich rakhe jate hai, jinka vibhajan programs ke madhya kiya jata hai tatha sath hi yah bhi dhyan me rakha jata hai ki programs ko memory ke alag - alag sthan prapt ho sake! Kisi bhi program ko input aur output karte samay aankdo aur suchnao ko apne nirdharit sthan me sangrihit karne ka kam bhi operating system ka hi hota hai!
3. Input-Output Prabandhan:-Data ko input unit se padhkar memory me uchit sthan par sangrihit karne aur prapt parinam ko memory se output unit tak pahinchane ka kam bhi operating system ka hi hota hai!
Iske liye BIOS (Basic Input Output System) ka istemal kiya jata hai! Isme boot firmware aur power management sammilit hote hai! Program likhte samay computer ko kewal yah bataya jata hai ki hame kya input karna hai aur kya output lena hai, baki ka kam operating system hi karta hai!
4. File Prabandhan:-Operating system file ko ek sahi dhang se kisi directory me sangrihit karne ki suwidha pradan karta hai! Kisi program ke nishpadan ke samay ise secondary memory se padhkar primary memory me dalne ka kam bhi operating system hi karta hai!
